Assessing the impact of olive pomace and whey powder on growth performance and nutritional parameters in Wistar rats
Main Article Content
Keywords
animal nutrition, digestibility, intestinal morphology, nitrogen balance, olive pomace, whey powder
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional efficacy of olive pomace (OP) and whey powder (WP) as alternative feed ingredients in animal diets. A total of 18 male Wistar mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 6 per group) and fed one of the following diets for 28 days: a standard control diet (S), an OP-based diet, and a WP-based diet. The OP diet resulted in body weight gain of 95.86 ± 2.48 g (78.33% increase), which was 92.6% of the S group’s performance (103.5 ± 0.80 g; 80.73% increase) despite significantly lower energy intake (1,250.00 ± 7.40 kcal/rat vs. 1,891.6 ± 7.14 kcal/rat). The WP diet led to moderate growth of 85.24 ± 3.92 g (66.03% increase) with an energy intake of 1560.6 ± 6.6 kcal/rat. Despite lower nitrogen balance and protein digestibility, the OP diet improved intestinal morphology, showing a higher villus height-to-crypt ratio than both S and WP groups. These changes may help mitigate the loss in digestibility. The WP diet showed numerically lower lipid levels without reaching statistical significance, while liver enzymes were significantly increased (aspartate transaminase: 253 ± 3.21 U/L, P < 0.001; alanine transaminase: 97 ± 4.93 U/L, P < 0.05), compared to control and OP groups. Both diets offer distinct benefits for sustainable animal nutrition.
References
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Hertzler, S.R., Huynh, B.C., and Savaiano, D.A. 1996. How much lactose is low lactose? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96(3):243–246. 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00074-0
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Kjeldahl, J. 1883. A new method for the determination of nitrogen in organic matter. Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie 22(1):366–382. 10.1007/BF01338151
Kraus, D., Yang, Q., and Kahn, B.B. 2015. Lipid extraction from mouse feces. Bio-Protocol 5(1):e1375. 10.21769/BioProtoc.1375
Lairon, D., Play, B., and Jourdheuil-Rahmani, D. 2007. Digestible and indigestible carbohydrates: interactions with postprandial lipid metabolism. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 18(4):217–227. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.08.001
Lan, Y., Verstegen, M.W.A., Tamminga, S., and Williams, B.A. 2020. The role of the commensal gut microbial community in broiler chickens. World’s Poultry Science Journal 61(1):95–104. 10.1079/WPS200445
Leichter, J., and Tolensky, A.F. 1975. Effect of dietary lactose on the absorption of protein, fat and calcium in the post-weaning rat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28(3):238–241. 10.1093/ajcn/28.3.238
Lejeune, M.P.G.M., Westerterp, K.R., Adam, T.C., Luscombe-Marsh, N.D., and Plantenga, M.S.W. 2006. Ghrelin and-glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a-respiration chamber. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83:89–94. 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.89
Li, X., Yin, J., Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Hu, X., Bao, W., Wang, Q., Guo, Q., Su, C., Zhang, J., Shen, L., and Ying, C. 2018. Effects of whole milk supplementation on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers in subjects with and without lactose malabsorption. Nutrients 10(10):1403. 10.3390/nu10101403
Low, C.X., Tan, L.T.-H., Ab Mutalib, N.-S., Pusparajah, P., Goh, B.-H., Chan, K.-G., Letchumanan, V., and Lee, L.-H. 2021. Unveiling the impact of antibiotics and alternative methods for animal husbandry: a review. Antibiotics 10(5):578. 10.3390/antibiotics10050578
Mahmoud, S.Y.M., Ghaly, M.F., Essa, S.M.H., Abdel-Shafi, S., Abdel-Monaem, A., Osman, A., Aljeldah, M., Al Shammari, B., and Abdel-Haliem, M.E.F. 2023. Antimicrobial activity of whey milk and their fractions against Staphylococcus pasteuri clinical strain. Food Bioscience 53:102741. 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102741
Nalle, D.A., and Bhande, M.Y. 2025. Review on innovations in -animal nutrition and feed technology for sustainable livestock production. In: Yadav, V.S., Netam, V.S., and Shingate, S.N. (eds.), Advances in Plant and Animal Sciences. Nature Light Publications, Pune, India, pp. 36–42.
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Paié-Ribeiro, J., Pinheiro, V., Guedes, C., Gomes, M.J., Teixeira, J., Teixeira, A., and Outor-Monteiro, D. 2025. From waste to sustainable animal feed: incorporation of olive oil by-products into the diet of bísaro breed pigs. Sustainability 17(7):3174. 10.3390/su17073174
Pandey, A.K., Kumar, P., and Saxena, M.J. 2019. Feed additives in animal health. In: Gupta, R., Srivastava, A., and Lall, R. (eds.) Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 507–520.
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